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Targeted Tuberculosis (TB) Vaccination Strategies in the United States: A Modeling Study

2026

Tuberculosis (TB) incidence in the United States has remained elevated above pre-pandemic levels since 2021, with over 85% of cases resulting from reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. New vaccines that would prevent TB in adults are under development, but the potential health impact of a program prioritizing non-U.S.-born persons and persons with medical comorbidities, including persons living with HIV (PLWH), has not been evaluated.

Tuberculosis policy should shift focus to population-level interventions for greatest impact

2026

Hypothetical vaccines

Uses mathematical modelling to compare the population-level health and economic impacts of TB interventions in Brazil, India and South Africa. It highlights mass vaccination and community-wide screening as interventions with the potential for substantial epidemiological impact.

Advancing national preparedness for the introduction of novel tuberculosis vaccines in South Africa

2025-2026

M72/AS01e, MTBVAC

The workshop aimed to align stakeholders on priority populations and delivery strategies for future TB vaccines, identify evidence needs to inform national policy decision-making, and outline actions required to ensure timely and equitable introduction.

How to introduce new TB vaccine in adolescents and adults: Insights from Key Stakeholders in Mozambique, Southern Africa

2024-2026

Hypothetical vaccines

Assesses stakeholder perspectives on introducing a new TB vaccine in Mozambique, including with high-risk groups should be prioritised, challenges in reaching different populations, expected vaccine uptake and coverage, and appropriate delivery stategies.

Tracing the Supply Chains for Two Modern Adjuvants of Global Health Importance

2025-2026

M72/AS01e

Analyses the global supply chains for QS-21 and MPL, two vaccine adjuvants used in several vaccines, including the potential TB vaccine M72/AS01E. The report examines supply, demand, manufacturers, raw-material sourcing, market concentration, sustainability and potential supply bottlenecks.

Target Tuberculosis vaccination strategies in the United States

2026

Hypothetical vaccines

Uses a mathematical model to evaluate targeted TB vaccination strategies in the United States. The study examines which high-risk groups should be prioritised for a future adult TB vaccine, including people living with HIV, people with medical comorbidities, and people born outside the United States

ZAMSA-TB: Advancing epidemiological methods for surveillance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

2024-2028

Hypothetical vaccines, M72/AS01e

Multi-country study developing and validating clinic-based convenience sampling of Mtb immunoreactivity (IGRA) in children aged 1-5 as a sentinel measure of recent TB transmission. Outputs include geospatial identification of high-transmission neighbourhoods to target adult/adolescent vaccine delivery, and Monte Carlo simulations to size convenience-sampling surveys able to detect population-level vaccine effectiveness during roll-out.

Attitudes towards new tuberculosis vaccines among adults, adolescents and their caregivers in southern Mozambique

2024

Hypothetical vaccines

We investigated willingness to be vaccinated with a new TB vaccine in a high HIV and TB burden setting in southern Mozambique in 2024 using a mixed methods approach involving a cross-sectional survey and concurrent in-depth interviews.

Assessing the readiness of communities and civil society to contribute to new TB vaccine policy making and implementation

2024-2026

Hypothetical vaccines

Three-part study to assess the readiness of community and civil society to contribute to TB vaccine policymaking and implementation at national, regional, and global levels, and the investments funders should make to strengthen community capacity and engagement. 1) No Vaccines Without Us: A Global Landscape Analysis of Civil Society Engagement in TB Vaccine Preparedness is based on a global survey of 125 civil society organizations active in the TB response in 42 countries. 2) Country Policy Portraits, written by local activists, illustrate how vaccine policy is made in seven countries — Bangladesh, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Malawi, Mongolia, South Africa, and Vietnam — and propose reforms to strengthen the representation of community partners in national immunization decision making. 3) TB Vaccine Access in “4D”: A Roadmap Charting Civil Society Actions for Equitable Access outlines a series of actions civil society can take to assure access to new TB vaccines along four dimensions: development, delivery, demand, and data.

Anticipating tuberculosis vaccine acceptability in Kenya and South Africa

2015-2026

Hypothetical vaccines

Assesses willingness to receive a new TB vaccine and explores attitudes, vaccine confidence, hesitancy, information needs and factors influencing potential uptake among adults, adolescents and caregivers in southern Mozambique. The study used surveys and in-depth interviews and found 77% willingness to receive a new TB vaccine among adults and adolescents.